I'm 99% sure it's not a throw-out bearing issue because I compared the new bearing side-by-side with the old bearing before installation. The two bearings were identical.
I carefully checked the clutch disc before installation. There were no words like "flywheel side" stamped on the disc. I do remember that the hub on one side of the disc stands up higher than the hub on the other side. I think I installed the high-side hub toward the flywheel. Is that backward?