Hi all, I would agree with all who suggest using a laser thermometer,I have an international harvester grain truck that always shoes above normal water temp, tried changing sender,go to I.h. Buy replacement dash gauge,found cracked rad and repaired,changed thermostat,etc,no change in temp reading,borrowed friends laser gauge and low and behold engine running 20 degrees cooler than gauge reads. Always remembered that head is usually always hotter than rest of engine but also checked various areas of head, block,even water pump. Will get laser temp gauge when I get a chance. Pat