But I'll need the 250's bellhousing because the 216's won't work, right?
Right. 1980 might not be the ideal choice but you will need a post-'54 Chevy V-8 type bell that bolts between the transmission and the block.
Will I still be able to use the stomp starter?
I hate to label things impossible, but without some modification and fabrication you won't be able to use the stomp starter.
How about the drum on the back of the old tranny?
Should be no problem.