Stark,
1. Don't think flame arrestor enters into it, but yes, a check-valve. Can't remember the specifics, but think it has to be mounted on the firewall
-above the carb level- so fuel vapors will not seep down into the cannister, and eat up the seals. I dissasembled mine, cleaned it, put it back in. You can test it by blowing into both sides. Don't think there's too much more you could do (maybe custom paint it and decorate it with rubys?)

2. Probably the most ignored maintenance item ever. Think the filter just helps keep dirt and dust out of the hydrovac. If it's (totally) clogged, the unit can't make up the air on the other (non-vacuum) side of the piston, so it's working against itself. I'd imagine it would make the brake pedal hard, though there might be a release valve somewhere in there. Any-who, I'd just give the filter a good cleaning once in a while, more often if your trucks work in dusty conditions. I'd think a good rinse would do it, maybe a spritz of oil.
Hope this helps a little.
-Michael