It appears that your engine has the correct V-8 front conversion mounts which also uses the bellhousing/crossmember mount so there
really isn't anywhere else for the engine to go.
We did a 235 to V-8 conversion a few months ago and had a similar issue. However, the owner had replaced the stock radiator
with an aluminum unit which positioned it further toward the engine. By using what appears to be the same shroud you have,
It was closer but still needed a spacer.
You may be able to install some spacers between the core support and the radiator and move it back further.
The inside diameter of the shroud was exactly 18". We used a 17" 6 blade fan and it seems to work OK.
I have not seen a deeper fan shroud in any of the aftermarket publications I have but there may be something out there.
I used a long water pump on the 350 in my 56. It has a 6 blade 18" fan and fan clutch and no shroud.
Mine has a manual transmission. If you have an automatic, I would recommend a shroud.
Fred