There isn't a camshaft lobe like those for a lifter. It's more of slow rise or off center circle (see picture).
The 3 pictures of the cam is showing the back. Cam needs to rotate 180 degrees.
The new rocker arm wear pattern on the new pump looks weird or is that a scratch on the right side?
If that is black paint, I would sand it off and clean it with solvent. Let dry and use a black marking pen and make the arm black.
Reinstall and try to run the engine. Check the wear pattern again.
The wear on the glass bowl pump looks normal to me.
Yes, the wear pattern on the Carquest pump is only on the edge of the pump arm rather than all across the face. Very strange.
As for installing the pump with the arm over the cam, that wouldn't explain the first pump working for a year and a half and then quitting suddenly. When installing both pumps I can feel the arm touching the cam.
